Preguntas Historia Contemporánea Tercera Evaluación

Russia 1917-1941    

The Bolsheviks Seize Power

Russia under the Tsars

                The Government of the Russian Empire was unpopular

                The Tsar allowed some change and set up a parliament

Countdown to Revolution

                Attempted reform hit problems – 1906 to 1911

                The impact of the First World War

The Revolutionary Parties

                The ‘February’ Revolution of 1917

                Revolutionary opposition was widespread

                Marxism said capitalism was wrong

                Marx saw history as a process of change

                The Communist ideal… and reality

The Bolsheviks

                The SDLP were the Marxist Party in Russia

                The Bolsheviks came out of the SDLP

                The Bolsheviks were a small party

                Lenin’s ‘April Theses’ urged revolution

The Provisional Government

                The Provisional Government had problems

                The Bolsheviks prepared for further revolution

The Bolsheviks Seize Power

                General Kornilov attempted a military cup

                The ‘October’ Revolution of 1917

                The Bolsheviks established control

                The reasons for the Bolshevik success

Warm-up questions

1. Why was Bloody Sunday significant?
2. What was the Duma?
3. What reforms did Stolypin introduced?
4. Summarise the key ideas of Karl Marx
5. Give a definition of a “Soviet”
6. Make a list of reasons for the Bolshevik success in November 1917

Lenin and the civil war

                1918 Ending the German War

                               The Germans were advancing

                               A Civil War was looming

                The Civil War 1918 – 1920

                               Anti-Communist forces surrounded Red Russia

                               Reasons for the Red Army victory

                               The Tsar and his family were killed

                War Communism and Mutiny

                                War Communism – a strict system to win the war

                               The results were famine and decline

                               The Krondstadt naval base mutinied

The New Economic Policy (NEP)

                Lenin decided to change Communist policy

                The New Economic Policy reversed War Communism

                Communist political control grew

Lenin

                Lenin died on Jan 21^st, 1924

                Lenin’s key strengths as a leader

Warm-up questions

1. List three reasons why the Civil War was inevitable by 1918
2. What advantage did the whites have over the Red Army from the start of the Civil War?
3. Why did the Reds win the Civil War?
4. What were the aims, method and outcome of War Communism?
5. In what way did Lenin’s NEP go against Communist ideas?
6. What were Lenin’s strengths as a leader?

Stalin

                The Struggle for Power

                               Several leaders struggled to succeed Lenin

                               Trotsky and Stalin had a war of ideas

                               How Stalin made himself all-powerful

                               Stalin destroyed the Leftists and the Rightists

                The Five Year Plans

                               The USSR still had a poor economy

                               1928 – 33: The First Five-Year Plan

                               In 1932 a Second Five-Year Plan was started

                               There were serious problems with the plans

               

                Collectivisation

                               Food production had to be increased

                               In 1929 Stalin began cellectivising all farms

                               There were problems with collectivization

                               Stalin declared war on the Kulaks

               

                The results of Collectivization

                               The famine continued into 1932-33

                               After 1931, Collectivization began again

                               Two sides to Collectivization

                               State farms were an extension of collective farms

                The terror and the purges

                               Stalin was ruthless in destroying rivals

                               The Kirov murder began a purge

                               Soon the Purges reached ordinary people

                               Stalin controlled all information

                Stalin the Dictator

                               The results of the Purges

                               Communist attitudes to the church

                               Stalin’s Russia was a dictatorship

                International Affairs 1918-1939

                               Communist Russia had been an outcast country

                               The Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939

                               The USSR was trying to win back territory

                               Japan was seen as another threat

                The War of the Motherland

                               Germany attacked in June 1941

                               Stalin rallied the country

Warm-up questions

1. Who were the main contenders to replace Lenin as leader after his death in 1924?
2. How did Stalin destroy opposition from the Left and the Right in the years 1924-28?
3. What did Stalin hope to achieve with his 5 Year Plans?  Did he succeed?
4. What was Collectivisation?
5. Who were the kulaks and why were they so unpopular?
6. Draw a time-line 1933-45. Mark on the key events in Russia’s international affairs
7. How did the Purges help Stalin to stay in power?

Revision Summary (8) Russia and URSS

1. Describe briefly the characteristic of the main groups in Russian Society in 1917
2. Give three reasons why the Tsar was unpopular by 1917
3. Explain the impact that the First World War had on Russia
4. What is meant by saying the first February Revolution was a ‘spontaneous event’?
5. Why was Kerensky’s Government increasingly unpopular?
6. Why were Communists split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?
7. What were the main beliefs of the Communists?
8. What were the ‘April Theses’; and the ‘July Days’?
9. How did the Bolsheviks seize power in Oct/Nov 1917?
10. What happened at Brest-Litovsk?
11. Why were the Bolsheviks prepared to agree to Brest-Litovsk?
12. Consider the events of the Civil War – why did the ‘Reds’ win and the ‘Whites’ lose?
13. What were the main features of ‘War Communism’?
14. What were the results of the Civil War on the economy, farming and industry?
15. What was the Kronstadt rebellion and how was it dealt with?
16. Note the main features of the New Economic Policy, and its results
17. Write a short summary of Lenin’s Achievements (remember he died in 1924)
18. What was the main difference in ideas between Stalin and Trotsky?
19. Why was Joseph Stalin able to win the struggle for power?
20. Explain the aim and impact of the first 5-year plan
21. Why did Stalin want to get rid of the kulaks in the countryside?
22. Make summary notes/diagrams to explain how a collective farm worked
23. Why were many peasants opposed to a collective farm system?
24. Why was the early 1930s a time of famine again?
25. Sum up what the Communist view of Collectivisation would be
26. What were the Purges? Give examples of action taken by Stalin
27. What were some of the results of Purges by 1939?
28. How were Religion and the Church changed by Stalin’s rule?

TO THINK: “LA RELIGIÓN ES EL OPIO DEL PUEBLO”         

29. What were the main aims of Soviet Foreign Policy after 1933?

TO THINK: WHY we ask: What were the main aims of Soviet Foreign Policy after 1933?

Why 1933?

30. Why did Stalin increasingly turn away from agreements with Britain and France?
31. Why was the Nazi-Soviet pact in the interest of both countries at the time?
32. Use your knowledge of Nazi Germany and the Second World War to show if Stalin should have been better prepared for 1941 and ‘Operation Barbarossa’
33.  ‘There would have been no Revolution in Russia without the First World War’
34. The life of the peasants and workers ‘had got worse under communism’
35. Compare briefly the work and importance of Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin

LA MANIPULACIÓN DE LA HISTORIA : LAS FOTOS DE LENIN, STALIN TROTSKY

http://www.publico.es/culturas/430015/donde-esta-trotski

Trotsky: idealism

The USA 1919-39

The USA’s reaction to World War One

The League was the idea of the American President

But America never joined the League of Nations

Growth of Isolationism

                Cheap European imports were seen as a threat

                Warren G Harding raised tariffs to protect American industry

                Immigration control was increased

Prosperity in the 1920s

                The Motor Industry led the way

                But not everyone shared in the Boom

Intolerance in the 1920s

                Immigrants became less welcome

                The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was reformed and expanded

                The KKK declined after 1925…

                …but intolerance and racism remained

Prohibition and organized crime

                There were many results of prohibition

                Organised crime ‘took over’ the distribution of alcohol

                Prohibition finally ended in 1933

Social developments

                People had more money to spend on leisure and entertainment

                Changing manners and morals

                Women gained more freedom and independence

                But traditional views continued

Warm-up questions

1. Make a list of four reasons why the USA did not join the League of Nations
2. What are the WASPs? Why did the WASPs want to reduce the number of immigrants entering the USA?
3. Briefly describe the main features of the economic ‘boom’ of the 1920s
4. What did the Ku Klux Klan aim to achieve?
5. How did the introduction of Prohibition affect organized crime?
6. What did it mean to describe a woman as a ‘flapper’?

The Depression and the New Deal

The Wall Street Crash

                On Black Thursday share prices plummeted

                Efforts to shore up prices failed

                The causes of the Crash

The consequences of the Wall Street Crash

                The Depression hit all walks of life

                The Depression caused terrible poverty

                Attempts were made to help people

Election of Roosevelt (FDR)

                President Hoover failed to ease the Depression

                Hoover’s action on the economy didn’t go far enough

                FDR was elected in 1932

                FDR had 3 main aims

The New Deal

                The ‘Hundred Days’ launched many new measures

                The economy gained a little strength but problems remained

The TVA and the Second New Deal

                The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

                What the TVA did

                The Second New Deal

                The Social Security Act was passed in 1935

                The Wagner Act, 1935

                The Works Progress Administration, 1935

Opposition to the New Deal

                Some thought the New Deal had not gone far enough

                Some thought the New Deal had gone too far

                There was also opposition from the Supreme Court

How successful was the New Deal?

                The New Deal had considerable success in achieving its main aims

                               Give Aid to the Needy

                               To restore stability to America’s Banking and Financial System

                               To reduce unemployment and restore prosperity

               

                The Second World War finally solved the Unemployment problem

Warm-up questions

1. Explain how uncontrolled speculation caused the Wall Street Crash
2. List three underlying problems which the American economy had in the 1920s
3. Why was President Hoover accused of doing ‘too little, too late’?
4. Make a list of the ‘Alphabetical Agencies’ and the work they did to tackle the problems of the depression
5. Explain why Roosevelt’s policies are called the ‘New Deal’
6. Why did some people believe that the New Deal had not gone far enough, and other believed that it had gone too far?

Revision Summary (9) USA (1919-1939)

1. Name the policy followed by the USA in their dealings with other countries after the First World War
2. Write a short paragraph explaining why many people in America didn’t want to join the League of Nations
3. Why could goods be produced more cheaply in European countries than in the USA after the First World War?
4. Who became President in 1921?
5. What did the Fordney-McCumber Tariff allow the US President to do?
6. Name three immigrant groups that were treated with hostility in the 1920s
7. Explain how the motor industry contributed to American prosperity in the 1920s
8. Why did agriculture not share in the boom?
9. What did the Ku Klux Klan believe in? Who did they persecute?
10. List three ways in which African-Americans were discriminated against in 1920s America
11. When was Prohibition introduced?
12. Explain the following terms: speakeasy, bootlegging, moonshiner
13. Name three forms of entertainment which first became popular in the 1920s
14. Explain how the social position of women changed in the 1920s
15. Explain what the economic term ‘speculation’ means
16. How did overproduction contribute to the Wall Street Crash?
17. Which rose faster in the 1920s: the value of stocks, or the price of shares?
18. How many Americans were unemployed by 1933?
19. Explain why Hoover lost the 1932 election
20. Who won the 1932 election? What were his three main aims?

To think: to say ’his three main aims’ is the same as…

21. Name two ‘Alphabetical Agencies’ and explain how they helped America through the Depression
22. Write down three successes and three limitations of the New Deal
23. What does TVA stand for?
24. Name two acts passed in 1935 as part of the ‘Second New Deal’
25. Why did Huey Long oppose the New Deal?
26. Which two main groups thought the New Deal had gone too far? Why did they think this?
27. What finally solved America’s unemployment problem?

TO THINK: imagine the question…, thinking about the crisis actually

The Second World War  

The Second World War 1939-1945

                Warfare had moved on since the First World War

                The Chronology of the Second World War

The Outbreak of War

                Germany attacked Poland on 1^st September 1939

                Poland was defeated within one month

                Germany’s 1940 spring offensive nearly defeated the allies

                Operation Dynamo saved the army trapped at Dunkirk

                The offensive of 1940 changed the war completely

Britain stood alone in 1940         

                Hitler’s invasion plan led to the Battle of Britain

                Defeat in the air changed Germany’s plan

                Fighting spread to the Balkans and North Africa

1940 – 1943 North Africa – Desert Warfare

                Events in North Africa began and ended with success

                Three reasons for allied victory at El Alamein

                The war in the desert

                The results of El Alamein

The Russian Front

                Hitler planned to attack the USSR

                Operation Barbarossa began in June 1941

                The Winter Campaign froze to a halt

                The Soviets held the Germans then pushed them back

The rise of Japan 1930-1942

                The War in Asia was caused by Japanese growth

                Japan planned a surprise attack on the USA

                Results of Pearl Harbor

                Different interpretations of Pearl Harbor

Pacific War 1942-1945

                The Japanese conquered Asia quickly

                The Battle of Midway turned the war against Japan

                Allied forces retook Asia and moved for Japan

                Two atomic bombs were dropped in August 1945

                The results of the atomic bombs

Occupation and resistance

                Occupied countries were controlled by enemy forces

                The results of occupation were often harsh

                In many areas there were active resistance movements

                Both sides used prison camps

The Holocaust

                The Nazi hatred of the Jews grew during the war

                The Nazis invented a ‘Final Solution’ in 1942

                Different arguments about how this mass murder happened

                The reaction of the Jewish people to the persecution

The end of the war in Europe

                After 1942 German forces were retreating

                Reasons for the defeat of Germany

                The turning point was 1942 – the year of three battles

                Some key results of the Second World War

Revision Summary (10) The Second World War  

1. What main technological developments made the Second War different to the First?
2. Which countries made up the Axis powers?
3. Which countries joined the Allies during the War?
4. Put these events into correct chronological order: D-Day landings / Attack on Pearl Harbor / Dunkirk evacuation / Atomic bombs used / German attack on Russia
5. Make a list of key points to explain why Blitzkrieg was so successful
6. What was the ‘Phoney’ War?
7. Explain why Dunkirk and the Battle of Britain may be seen as key turning points of the War
8. Why did Hitler decide to attack the USSR in June 1941
9. Give some details about El Alamein and Stalingrad as turning points in the War
10. List the main differences between how war was fought in the Desert, Russian Front and the Far East
11. What happened at Pearl Harbor? Why may this attack not have been such a ‘surprise’?
12. Why were the Japanese so successful in their invasion of the Pacific and South East Asia?
13. Give arguments in favour of/against dropping the Atomic Bomb
14. What part did the USA play in helping the Allied War effort before and after December 1942?
15. Why was Midway a turning point in the Pacific War?
16. Why were German forces retreating in 1942?
17. Make a simple sketch diagram to show how, and where the D-Day landings were made

D-Day landings

When?               

Preparation      

Where?              

18. ‘The Russians could argue that they had suffered the most in the War’. Make a quick list of the ways in which Russia suffered
19. Look at the five key reasons given for the defeat of Germany. Add notes to explain which were the most important
20. Learn what the following terms mean –Iron Curtain, Marshall Plan, NATO, Warsaw Pact
21. What similar problems did governments face in the First and Second World Wars?
22. Give the meanings of the following words and examples: occupation, collaboration, POW, resistance, internment, labour camp
23. Explain why Jewish people were particularly hated and persecuted by the Nazis
24. What was meant by the ‘Final Solution’ and what were the results of this?
25. What major mistakes did Hitler make in wartime strategy?
26. List the main results of the war

Britain in the Second World War

Britain in World War Two

                The Government and civilians got ready for war

                Many children were evacuated from the cities

                Evacuation was carried out in stages

The outbreak of World War Two

                Hitler invaded Poland – but then nothing happened

                Germans, Italians and Austrians were put in camps

Fighting in Europe 1939-1940

                The Phoney War ended in spring 1940

                British and French troops had to be evacuated from Dunkirk

The Battle of Britain and the Blitz

                Hitler sent the Luftwaffe to clear the way for invasion

                The Luftwaffe failed in the Battle of Britain

                The Blitz began in 1940 and went on till 1941

Safeguarding Britain’s food supplies

                German U-boats attacked British food supplies

                Food rationing started in January 1940

                By 1943 the U-Boats were less of a threat

Conscription & the role of women

                Men and women got called up

                Millions more women went to work

Censorship and Propaganda

                The Ministry of Information controlled the news

                Entertainment let people forget about the war

                Churchill wanted people to feel they were ‘all in it together’

D-Day and the defeat of Germany

                1942 was the turning point of the war

                The invasion of Europe was launched on D-day

                What the end of the war meant for Britain…

Warm-up questions

1. How did Britain prepare for air raids?
2. What was the ‘Phoney War’?
3. Why did the RAF beat the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain?
4. What happened during the Blitz 1940-41?
5. What was rationing and why was it introduced?
6. What happened on D-Day?

Revision Summary (11) Britain in the Second World War

1. When did Britain declare war on Germany? Give the exact date
2. List 5 things that were done to prepare for the air raids
3. Why were Germans, Austrians and Italians put in internment camps?
4. Why was the part of the war up until spring 1940 called the Phoney War?
5. Who became British Prime Minister after Neville Chamberlain?
6. When did France surrender to Hitler?
7. What was Operation Sealion?
8. List three advantages the RAF had over the Luftwaffe
9. When did Hitler call off the Blitz? What did he want to do instead?
10. What’s a U-boat?
11. Name five foods which were rationed during the war
12. Give three reasons why U-boat attacks were less of a threat in 1943 than they were in 1940
13. If you were a 40 year old man in 1941, working in a newsagents, was there a chance you might be called up?
14. How many men were there (roughly) in the Armed Services?
15. List three ways in which women contributed to the war effort
16. What was the name of the government department in charge of spreading news and propaganda about the war?
17. What did ENSA stand for (officially)?
18. What did Churchill mean by ‘total war’?
19. Name the 3 really important battles in 1942, that changed everything
20. What’s a ‘mulberry’?
21. How many soldiers were landed on the beaches in the first week of the Normandy landings?
22. When was Berlin captured?
23. What kind of government was elected just after the war?

Britain and the Welfare State

Planning for the future

                The war changed attitudes to welfare

                The Beveridge Report – “From the cradle to the grave”

Creating the Welfare State

                Two giants were tackled under Churchill…

                Ignorance – The Education Act

                Idleness – The Aim was ‘full employment’

                Labour won the General Election in 1945

                The Labour Government set up the Welfare State…

                Want – The National Insurance Act

                Disease – The National Health Service

                Squalor – New towns and new housing

Nationalisation

                Nationalisation is when the Government runs industry

                The Labour Government nationalized some industries

                Labour’s  policies – successes or failures…

Warm-up questions

1. List 3 reasons why there was more support for the Government setting up the Welfare State after World War II
2. What were the ‘5 giants’ mentioned in the Beveridge Report?
3. What did the phrase ‘from the cradle to the grave’ mean?
4. How were the benefits and services mentioned by the Beveridge report going to be paid for?
5. List 3 changes that came about in education as a result of the Butler report
6. What was nationalization and why did the Labour Government introduce it?

Revision Summary (12) Britain and the welfare state

1. After the Second World War was the general mood in favour of welfare or against it?
2. What made lots of middle-class people realize how bad life was for poor people living in cities?
3. What was the name of the famous report about welfare improvements published in 1942?
4. What were the ‘five giants’ referred to in the report?
5. Who was most enthusiastic about the report –Labour politicians or Conservatives?
6. What was the school leaving age set by the Butler Education Act (1944)?
7. Who did the Education Act say should run state primary and secondary schools?
8. What percentage of unemployment did Beveridge say should be the absolute maximum?
9. How many people were out of work in the 20 years after the war?
10. Who won the 1945 General Election –Labour or the Conservatives?
11. Who was the new Prime Minister?
12. How did the National Insurance Act (1946) work?
13. When the National Health Service started all treatments were free. What two types of treatment did people have to start paying for in 1951?

To think: How were all treatments when the National Health Service started?

14. What did people have to start paying for in 1952?
15. How many regional hospital boards were there?
16. What year was the Town and Country Planning Act passed?
17. Name 2 new towns built in the 1940s
18. What is nationalization?
19. Give two reasons why Labour nationalized some industries after the Second World War
20. Name two industries Labour nationalized between 1947 and 1949
21. Give two reasons why Labour’s policies could be seen as successes
22. Give two reasons why Labour’s policies could be seen as failures

Superpowers and the Cold War

Planning the Post-War Future

                Three major decisions at Yalta, Feb 1945

                But some difficult issues had already emerged

                Before Potsdam the situation changed

                Agreements at Potsdam, August 1945

Increasing tension between the USA and USSR

                Three reasons for tension between the USA and USSR

                The USA was worried about the spread of communism

                               The Truman Doctrine

                               The Marshall Plan

European Developments 1947-1949

                In 1948 the USSR and the West disagreed over Berlin

                West Berlin survived because of the Berlin airlift

                The blockade hardened the division between East and West

                The tension between the USA and the USSR was called the Cold War

Eastern Europe

                Young people left East Berlin for the West

                The Berlin Wall was built in 1961

                The USSR controlled Eastern Europe

                Uprising followed Stalin’s death in 1953

                Hungary was treated differently at first

                However, Soviet tanks invaded Hungary

The Cold War in Asia

                In 1950 war broke out in Korea

                The UN aim was to resist Communist North Korean aggression

                A Communist government in Vietnam 1954

                The Geneva Agreement of 1954

The Cuban Missile Crisis

                Cuba was only 100 miles from the USA

                Castro wanted to get rid of American influence

                Cuban rebels in America plotted an invasion

                Soviet nuclear missiles were shipped to Cuba

Warm-up questions

1. List three decisions made at the Yalta Conference 1945
2. List two reasons for tension between USA and USSR
3. Briefly explain how the USA tried to prevent Europe from becoming Communist
4. How did Stalin try to keep control of Eastern Europe before 1962?
5. Explain how Korea and Vietnam were seen as ‘direct challenges to the West’
6. Explain what is meant by ‘the world was on the brink of nuclear war’ in relation to the Cuban Missile Crisis

Revision Summary (13) Superpowers and Cold War

1. Name the two Summits held by the Big Three in 1945 to decide on the future of Germany and Eastern Europe
2. Which political leader was present at both of these summits?
3. What were the main conclusions reached at each of these summits?
4. By approximately how many miles west had Soviet territory increased in 1945?
5. Give two reasons why tension between the USA and Soviet Union had increased during 1945
6. What phrase did Winston Churchill use to describe the separation of Western Europe from the East of Europe?

7. Who replaced Roosevelt as American President?
8. How did he propose to halt the spread of Communism in Europe?
9. Explain in detail how this would work
10. Why did disagreements occur over the administration of Berlin in 1948?
11. What did the Soviets do in response to these disagreements?
12. What saved West Berlin from this?
13. Give the full official names of the two new states formed in Germany
14. What does NATO stand for?
15. Which two Communist-ruled countries were not pro-Soviet by the 1960s?
16. Name the ruler of one of these countries
17. In which year did Stalin die?
18. Who succeeded him? (See USA-USSR presidents at the end)
19. Name the capital of Hungary
20. What were the results of the Soviet invasion of Hungary?
21. Why was the Berlin wall built?
22. What were the consequences of this action?
23. Who became the leader of China in 1949?
24. Who was the UN commander during the Korean War?
25. Name the capital of South Korea
26. Why was the UN commander in Korea sacked by President Truman?
27. Where was France defeated by the North Vietnamese in 1954?
28. What did the Geneva agreement of 1954 do?

29. Name the military dictator who was overthrown in Cuba in 1959
30. Who became the new leader of Cuba?
31. How did he set about reducing American influence in Cuba?
32. Which country offered Cuba support?
33. Where did rebel troops attempt an invasion of Cuba?
34. Why did the world almost face a nuclear war in 1962?

The Cold War and the collapse of the USSR

Vietnam and the USA

                The Domino Theory of Communism

                In 1963 President Johnson changed US policy

                The Tet Offensive of 1968 turned US public opinion against the war

                President Nixon wanted to finish the war quickly

                The USA was forced to withdraw completely

Confrontation and Détente

                The USA and USSR wanted to avoid another crisis

                US-USSR relations improved in the 1970s

The end of the Détente

                The period of détente between the superpowers ended

                US President Ronald Reagan was very anti-Communist

                The arms race started again in the late 70s

Eastern Europe and the USSR

                Czechoslovakia rebelled against Communism in 1968

                Poland’s people rebelled in 1980

                The Soviet Union didn’t tolerate these revolts

The Soviet Withdrawal

                Communism fell all over Eastern Europe in 1989

                Eastern European communism ended

The End of the Soviet Union

                By the 1980s the USSR was in crisis

                Gorbachev introduced Glasnost and Perestroika

                Gorbachev helped to end the Cold War

                Soviet republics demanded independence from the USSR

                An anti-Communist Russian President was elected

                An attempted coup in 1991 failed

Warm-up questions

1. List 3 reasons why the USA and the USSR wanted to cooperate before 1979
2. Briefly explain how the ‘New Cold War’ began
3. List 6 reasons why America was forced to withdraw from Vietnam
4. Briefly explain how the Soviet Union reacted to the rebellions in Czechoslovakia & Poland
5. What were the main events of the fall of communism in 1989?
6. Why did the Cold War create a crisis in the USSR in the 1980s?

Revision Summary (14) Cold War and collapse of the USSR

1. Explain the Domino theory and how it applied to South Vietnam
2. What two main changes did President Johnson bring about in Vietnam?
3. Who were the Vietcong?
4. Why did American public opinion turn against the Vietnam War?
5. What was the Ho Chi Minh trail?
6. Name the capital of South Vietnam
7. Explain why the USA effectively lost the Vietnam War
8. In which year did the Cuban Missile Crisis take place?
9. Describe two results of the Cuban Missile Crisis which were intended to prevent future misunderstandings between the Superpowers
10. What does ‘Détente’ mean?
11. What does ‘SALT’ stand for?
12. Why did the USA refuse to sign the SALT 2 agreement?
13. What changes to USA foreign policy did Ronald Reagan bring about in 1980?
14. The arms race started again in the late 70s

In 1977, the USSR had begun replacing old missiles in its Eastern European satellite states, with more modern and destructive SS-20 nuclear missiles. The USA and Western European states saw this as a threat

As a reaction to these Soviet missiles, President Jimmy Carter allowed more weapons development in the USA. NATO decided to station over 500 Cruise and Pershing missiles in Western Europe by 1983 as a deterrent to a Soviet attack

By 1979, US Congress refused to ratify (make law) the SALT 2 agreement (which would have put more restrictions on the development of nuclear weapons)

Under President Reagan, the US started developing the multi-billion dollar Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or ‘Star Wars’). The object was to create a system which could use satellites and lasers to shoot down Soviet missiles from the sky before they reached their targets

15. Who became the leader of Czechoslovakia in 1968?
16. What changes did he try to bring about?
17. How did the Soviet Union respond?
18. Who was the leader of the shipyard workers in Poland in 1980?
19. Name the trade union which the shipyard workers set up
20. Give the name of the Polish army leader who came to power in 1981
21. What happened as a result of him taking power?
22. What did Gorbachev announce to the United Nations in 1988?
23. Describe how Eastern European countries responded to this in 1989
24. Who was executed on Christmas Day 1989?
25. Why was the Soviet Union in crisis in 1980?
26. Which country had the Soviet Union invaded in 1979?
27. Why was this war a disaster for the Soviet Union?
28. When Mikhail Gorbachev was appointed General Secretary of the Communist Party?
29. What does glasnost mean?
30. How was this new Soviet policy to be implemented?
31. What does perestroika mean?
32. How was this new policy to be implemented?
33. Which of the two new policies was less successful and why?
34. Who became the President of Russia in 1990?

Presidents 1913 – Today
URSS	USA
Lenin (1917-27)	Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) Harding (1921-23) Coolidge (1923-29)
Iosef Stalin (1927-53)	Hoover (1929-33) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-45) Harry S. Truman (1945-53)
Nikita Jrushchev (1953-64)	Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-61) John F. Kennedy (1961-63)
Leonidas Breznev (1964-82)	Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-69) Richard Nixon (1969-74) Gerald Ford (1974-77) Jimmy Carter (1977-81)
Yuri Andropov (1982-84)
Konstantin Chernenko (1984-85) Mijail Gorvachev (1985-91)	Ronald Reagan (1981-89)
Boris Yeltsin (Russia, 1990)	George Bush (1989-93)
--------------------------------------	Bill Clinton (1993-01)
--------------------------------------	George W. Bush (2001-09)
--------------------------------------	Barack Obama (2009-  )